It has traditionally meant (until the Enlightenment proposed its own meanings) lack of necessity in human will, so that "the will is free" meant "the will does not have to be such as it is". The term "free will" ( liberum arbitrium) was introduced by Christian philosophy (4th century CE). According to Susanne Bobzien, the notion of incompatibilist free will is perhaps first identified in the works of Alexander of Aphrodisias (third century CE) "what makes us have control over things is the fact that we are causally undetermined in our decision and thus can freely decide between doing/choosing or not doing/choosing them". The notion of compatibilist free will has been attributed to both Aristotle (fourth century BCE) and Epictetus (1st century CE) "it was the fact that nothing hindered us from doing or choosing something that made us have control over them". The problem of free will has been identified in ancient Greek philosophical literature. Contemporary compatibilists instead identify free will as a psychological capacity, such as to direct one's behavior in a way responsive to reason, and there are still further different conceptions of free will, each with their own concerns, sharing only the common feature of not finding the possibility of determinism a threat to the possibility of free will. Classical compatibilists considered free will nothing more than freedom of action, considering one free of will simply if, had one counterfactually wanted to do otherwise, one could have done otherwise without physical impediment. Different compatibilists offer very different definitions of what "free will" means and consequently find different types of constraints to be relevant to the issue. Compatibilists thus consider the debate between libertarians and hard determinists over free will vs. Some compatibilists even hold that determinism is necessary for free will, arguing that choice involves preference for one course of action over another, requiring a sense of how choices will turn out. In contrast, compatibilists hold that free will is compatible with determinism. Incompatibilism also encompasses hard incompatibilism, which holds not only determinism but also indeterminism to be incompatible with free will and thus free will to be impossible whatever the case may be regarding determinism. The view that conceives free will as incompatible with determinism is called incompatibilism and encompasses both metaphysical libertarianism (the claim that determinism is false and thus free will is at least possible) and hard determinism (the claim that determinism is true and thus free will is not possible). Ancient Greek philosophy identified this issue, which remains a major focus of philosophical debate. Determinism suggests that only one course of events is possible, which is inconsistent with a libertarian model of free will. Some conceive free will to be the capacity to make choices undetermined by past events. Some conceive of free will as the ability to act beyond the limits of external influences or wishes. Whether free will exists, what it is and the implications of whether it exists or not are some of the longest running debates of philosophy and religion. Traditionally, only actions that are freely willed are seen as deserving credit or blame. It is also connected with the concepts of advice, persuasion, deliberation, and prohibition. įree will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, culpability, sin, and other judgements which apply only to actions that are freely chosen. A biker performing a dirt jump that, according to some interpretations, is the result of free willįree will is the notional capacity or ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.
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